Mark 6.14-20,
Matthew 14.1-5,
Luke 9.7-9.
After Jesus
Luke 9.7-9 KWL 7 Herod Antipas the governor hears all that’s happening- and is confused by it.
- Some are saying John the baptist is raised from the dead.
8 Some say Elijah appears.- Others say one of the ancient prophets has risen.
9 Herod says, “I beheaded John.- Who’s this man about whom I hear such things?”
- He seeks to see Jesus.
Mark and Matthew give details about just how and why Antipas beheaded John, but today I’m gonna focus on Antipas himself. The gospels don’t provide a lot of details about him, which is why we have to turn to the history books to fill in the blanks.
“Herod” (Greek
Because of this, Roman fathers tended to give all their children the same name: Their name. Gaius Plinius Secundus’s son would also be Gaius Plinius Secundus. (They might add “senior” or “junior” to indicate who was whom… but that’d get extra confusing when all the brothers had the same name.) Sometimes the kids were given a praenomen/“personal name” to differentiate between one another; sometimes a nickname; but most of the time all you knew was their cognomen/“family name”: Herod and Herodia. Easy to mix them all up, but since family came first, that was kinda the point in Roman culture.
So the Herods of the New Testament were actually one of these guys:
- HEROD THE GREAT, who wasn’t all that great. His Judean-style name was Herod bar Antipater; his Roman name was Herodus Antipatrus; he can also be called Herod 1. He’s the Edomite/Idumean who, with the help of the Romans, overthrew the Hasmonean royal family, became king, and took over Israel. He tried to have baby Jesus killed. His son Archelaus Herod tried to succeed him, but Cæsar Augustus instead overturned Herod’s will, divided Israel into multiple provinces, kept Judea for himself, and put the others under Herod family members.
- HEROD ANTIPAS. The Herod in this story, one of the sons of Herod 1. He was named Herodus Antipatrus, but he had an elder brother with the same name, which may be why he went with “Antipas,” the short version of Antipatrus, as his praenomen. Cæsar made him a
τετράρχης /tetrárhis, “quarter-ruler,” of Israel; the quarter he ruled was the Galilee. Technically he was still royalty, which is why the gospels still call him king. But he was a Roman governor, an employee serving only at the pleasure of the emperor. - HEROD AGRIPPA 1. Herodus Marcus Julius Agrippa, grandson of Herod 1, was a personal friend of Cæsar Caligula, who made him king of Judea and all the other Israeli provinces—so all Israel. He’s the Herod who had James bar Zebedee killed.
Ac 12.2 - HEROD AGRIPPA 2. Herodus Marcus Julius Agrippa, same as his father; Cæsar Claudius put him in charge of various Israeli provinces. He’s the King Agrippa whom Paul testified in front of.
Ac 26
We’ll just deal with Herod Antipas today.
Antipas’s backstory.
Herod 1 was super paranoid, and couldn’t decide which of his sons—if any—he trusted enough to succeed him. He killed two of his heirs, Aristobulus and Alexander, in the year 7
Cæsar totally took advantage of the situation, and as soon as Antipas and his brothers contested the will, Cæsar took over Israel. He fired Herod Archelaus, divided Israel into fourths, and put a Roman governor over Jerusalem. He put Herod Antipas over one quarter, Antipas’s brother Herod Philip over another, their aunt Herodia Salome over two small territories, and left the Dekapolis to govern itself.
Jump forward three decades. Around the year 29, Antipas visited Philip on one of his trips to Rome, and met Philip’s wife Herodia Salome. Not the same Herodia Salome as before; that’s actually her grandmother. Her dad was Herod Aristobulus, the son Herod 1 had killed. Her mother was Herodia Berenice, the other Herodia Salome’s daughter. Yep, her parents were first cousins. And then she met and married her uncle/cousin Philip—and after meeting Antipas, she divorced Philip and married her other uncle/cousin, Antipas.
Okay, eww. In most cultures marrying your uncle is incest. In the United States, so is marrying your first cousin. But I should point out the ancient Hebrews actually had no problem with this: The L
But incest wasn’t actually what broke the Law: It was the fact you’re not to have sex with your brother’s woman.
Some historians speculate this was a political marriage: Salome wanted a husband with greater power, and Antipas wanted a Jewish wife. (He was half Edomite and half Samaritan, whereas Salome’s grandfather was a member of the Hasmonean royal family, so she was considered Jewish). But considering the backlash they both got from John and
Art and movies try to make Antipas into a dirty pervert by trying to read something into his relationship with Herodia Salome’s daughter Salome. (The gospels refer to both of them as Herodia.) Young Salome eventually married her father Philip’s same-named brother, Herod Philip Senior, her uncle/great-uncle… but that bit of ickiness gets ahead of our story. Still, it’s not relevant how much of a dirty pervert Antipas might’ve been. Antipas was profoundly clueless about the religion of the folks he ruled over.
Y’see people regularly assume—incorrectly—that people in the past were more religious than they are today. They presume the ancient Egyptians actually believed their pharaoh was a god, or that the pharaohs’ tombs were cursed. If everybody really believed that, how come nearly every single pharaohic tomb was robbed? Simple: Same as the present day, some people are religious, and some aren’t. Some believe in God, and some don’t. Some believe prophets really do hear from God, and others think every prophet is a fraud. Everybody picks and chooses what they care to believe. The ancients are no exception.
Kings and rulers especially. Their god isn’t the L
So that’s the mindset we’re dealing with when it comes to Antipas Herod. He never stated his religious convictions, but by his actions we see the behavior and attitude of a Roman Empire pagan who only takes the L
When Antipas heard of Jesus.
As that Luke passage in the beginning of this article had it, Antipas first heard of Jesus after he’d killed John. In fact he was pretty sure Jesus was the second coming of John.
Mark 6.14-16 KWL 14 King Herod Antipas hears,- for Jesus’s name becomes well-known:
- People are saying John the baptist is raised from death,
- and this is why acts are done through Jesus.
15 Others say Jesus is Elijah;- others say he’s a prophet like from the Prophets.
16 On hearing of Jesus, Herod says,- “This is John, whom I beheaded, raised!”
Matthew 14.1-2 KWL 1 At this time the governor, Herod Antipas,- hears the news of Jesus.
2 Herod tells his boys, “This is John the baptist.- He is raised from the dead!
- This is why such acts are done by him.”
Various commentators figure Antipas had to have some Jewish beliefs, because he apparently believed in resurrection, and resurrection isn’t a pagan belief. Still isn’t.
But pagans did believe the dead might come back—if they became gods. Y’see, the Romans believed if you worshiped somebody, and burnt offerings to them, the other gods were obligated to treat that person as one of their own. They’d fish them out of the underworld and bring them to Olympus, just like they did Hercules. Just like, they taught, Julius Cæsar—whom the Roman senate had decided was worthy of worship, so now the Romans were worshiping him. Hence his adoptive son Cæsar Augustus added to his name Divi filius/“son of [a] god.”
So if John’s followers started to worship him, any pagan Roman would figure he was a god now—who could visit this world if he so chose, just like the myths said Zeus and Hermes did. And maybe exhibit some of his special godlike powers.
Pharisee ideas about resurrection are vastly different. They didn’t expect the dead to come back with superpowers. They’d simply be alive. They’d live forever; I guess that’s a superpower, but that’s the only one. So Antipas’s idea didn’t come from the Pharisees; it came from his fellow pagans. ’Cause Antipas was a pagan. Make no mistake.
Now you notice some of the other Galileans speculated Jesus might be John, back from the dead; or Elijah, or one of the prophets from the bible. And like I said, that’s pagan thinking. Not everybody in the Galilee was Pharisee! Same as today, there were a lot of irreligious Israelis who didn’t know what their own bible taught, mashed it together with Greco-Roman religion, and imagined Jesus was the second coming of somebody important. Elijah was raptured to heaven without dying, right?—so maybe Elijah’s back, doing miracles again. Or some other Old Testament prophet, like Habakkuk or Malachi. Certainly nobody from their day was empowered to do miracles, so it must be someone from the olden days.
Why Antipas locked up John.
Luke 3.19-20 KWL 19 Governor Herod Antipas,- embarrassed by John about his brother’s wife Herodia Salome,
- and everything evil Herod did,
20 shut John up in prison—- adding this to everything.
The gospels aren’t consistent in describing what Antipas thought of John. Mark indicates John piqued Antipas’s curiosity. But Matthew states Antipas would’ve been perfectly happy to kill him.
Mark 6.17-20 KWL 17 Herod Antipas himself- ordered John arrested and chained in prison,
- because of Herodia Salome,
- his brother Herod Philip’s woman,
- whom Antipas married.
18 John tells Herod this:- “The Law doesn’t permit you to have your brother’s woman.”
19 Herodia Salome has it in for John- and wants him killed, and can’t do it.
20 For Herod Antipas respects John,- knowing he’s a righteous, holy man.
- Antipas keeps John and speaks with him often.
- He doubts, yet enjoys listening to him.
Matthew 14.3-5 KWL 3 For Herod Antipas arrests, chains,- and puts John away in prison,
- because of Herodia Salome,
- his brother Herod Philip’s woman.
4 For John tells Antipas,- “The Law doesn’t permit you to have her.”
5 Antipas wants John killed,- but fears the crowd because they deem John a prophet.
Though John did nothing but speak the truth—the Law did forbid Antipas to have his brother’s wife, divorced or not—let’s not assume John was naïve about the consequences of his actions. He knew the Herod family consisted of immoral, power-corrupted people. He knew Antipas was either ignorant of, or didn’t care about, the Hebrew religion; otherwise he wouldn’t have married Salome. Hence he knew Antipas would have little to no respect for a prophet of the L
John said it anyway.
Not because he was dumb, or foolhardy, or didn’t care about consequences, or figured God would rescue him, or had useful political connections that might finagle him out of prison. He did it because it’s what prophets do. They tell the truth. If the result is people attack the messenger… well it’s part of the job description.
When we American Christians encounter any sort of opposition whatsoever, we scream bloody murder about how our rights are being violated. Not that it’s wrong for us to do so; in a democracy, defending our rights is important. But it just goes to show what a significant difference there is between how we stand up for the truth, and how John did it. We have a safety net; we have our Constitution. John had nothing but God.
And think about this: God did let Antipas kill his prophet.
When we American Christians go into other countries, we often foolishly expect our safety net to protect us there as well. It’s mighty stupid. American citizenship and rights aren’t gonna work on foreign warlords. And that’s pretty much what the Roman Empire consisted of: Organized warlords, which they called “the senate,” each of whom could raise and fund a private army if he wished, and often did. No rights whatsoever, ’cause any of these warlords could kill you for whatever reason, and the only thing stopping him was the threat of families going to war—and if your family had no power or wealth, there was no threat at all. Imagine that for a homeland, and you have a much better idea of what John stood up against. And the sort of guts it took to speak the truth anyway.
Considering the safety nets we do have, exactly why don’t we speak up more often?
